Upon the death of a pope, the Catholic Church follows a series of time-honored protocols to ensure a respectful transition and the selection of a new leader.
Confirmation and Announcement of Death
The camerlengo, a senior Vatican official, confirms the pope’s death. Historically, this involved calling the pope’s name three times; today, medical professionals verify the death. The camerlengo then defaces the papal signet ring, symbolizing the end of the pope’s authority, and seals the papal apartments. The Vatican announces the death publicly, initiating a period of mourning.
Mourning Period
The Church observes a nine-day mourning period called the Novendiale. During this time, the pope’s body, dressed in papal vestments, is placed in St. Peter’s Basilica for public viewing, allowing the faithful and dignitaries to pay their respects. Historically, popes were embalmed, and some had their organs removed for preservation as relics; however, these practices have become less common in modern times.
Funeral and Burial
The pope’s funeral typically occurs four to six days after death, often held in St. Peter’s Square and led by the dean of the College of Cardinals. Traditionally, popes are buried in the Vatican Grottoes beneath St. Peter’s Basilica. In the past, they were interred in three nested coffins made of cypress, lead, and elm; however, recent popes have opted for simpler arrangements.
Sede Vacante
Following the pope’s death, the Church enters a period known as “sede vacante,” meaning “the seat is vacant.” During this time, the College of Cardinals assumes temporary governance but refrains from making major decisions until a new pope is elected.
Conclave and Election of a New Pope
Two to three weeks after the funeral, the College of Cardinals convenes in the Sistine Chapel for a conclave to elect the new pope. Only cardinals under the age of 80 are eligible to vote. A two-thirds majority is required for election. Ballots are burned after each voting round; black smoke indicates no decision, while white smoke announces the election of a new pope.
These rituals and procedures ensure a respectful farewell to the deceased pope and a smooth transition in the leadership of the Catholic Church.
For a visual overview of this process, you may find the following video informative: